NCAER - NATIONAL DATA INNOVATION CENTRE
The early decades of the 21st century reflect tremendous transformation in Indian society due to both economic growth and global challenges. The Gross Domestic Product has grown at the rate of 5–9 per cent resulting in a decline in poverty. Whereas, the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) recorded a sharp fall in the poverty rate from 38.6 per cent in 2004–2005 to 8.5 per cent in 2022–2024 (Desai et al., 2024). Data from the National Sample Survey’s Household Consumption Expenditure Surveys (Government of India, 2024) suggest an even lower poverty rate.